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Winter sowing is one of my favorite techniques for starting seeds because it’s easy, doesn’t take up indoor space, uses recycled materials, and is a low-cost way to produce a lot of seedlings. It’s also very effective for many types of vegetable, perennial, annual, and herb seeds. Below you’ll learn when to winter sow and get step-by-step instructions for sowing seeds in milk jugs as well as plastic containers.
What is winter sowing?
Winter sowing is a seed-starting technique where seeds of certain vegetables, flowers, and herbs are started outdoors in containers in late autumn or winter. The cold weather stratifies the seeds and prompts germination when the time is right. Many native perennials require stratification, a treatment that uses temperature and moisture to soften the seed coat and break seed dormancy. Winter sowing is an easy technique and results in healthy, strong seedlings.
Benefits of Winter sowing
There are many benefits to winter sowing and one of the biggest advantages is that you don’t need to fuss with indoor seed starting which can make a mess and take up a lot of space inside your home. Winter sowing is also an easy way to start seedlings on a budget because there’s no need to buy grow lights. This process uses natural sunlight so it saves on your power bill. I typically recycle items like milk jugs or plastic salad containers for winter sowing, which means I don’t need to spend money on seed starting supplies like pots, trays, heating mats, and plastic humidity domes.
When to winter sow?
Let’s talk timing! As the name suggests, winter sowing is done during the cold winter months. I typically winter sow seeds in January, once the holidays are over, but you can start seeding anytime from December through February, depending on your location and climate. If you sow seeds too early in autumn the seeds can sprout and the small plants may not survive winter. Wait too long and there may not be enough cold weather to effectively stratify the seeds. Most types of seeds need several months of cold, moist conditions to trigger germination.
Winter sowing containers
The containers you use for winter sowing act as mini greenhouses and should be clear or opaque to allow light to enter. There are many types of containers you can use; you can buy clear plastic bins with clear lids, or you can recycle plastic items. I recommend using food grade containers that can hold 3 to 4 inches of potting mix and are tall enough to accommodate seedlings. My go-to containers for winter sowing include water jugs or milk jugs, plastic salad containers, 2-liter soda bottles, and large take-out containers.
I typically use gallon-sized jugs, but you can also use half gallon jugs. Jugs make excellent containers for winter sowing as they’re deep enough to hold several inches of potting mix and tall enough to accommodate seedling growth.
Supplies for winter sowing
Winter sowing doesn’t require a long list of supplies. Obviously you need containers, which should be clean for planting and have drainage holes poked in the bottom. Below is a list of other items to gather when you’re ready to winter sow seeds:
- A high-quality potting soil or seed starting mix – Most commercially available potting mixes are peat-based, but you can also make your own from materials like coir or other seed-starting mix recipes. Pre-moisten the growing medium before adding it to the containers as moisture is necessary to soften seed coats.
- Labels and a waterproof marker – I use the marker to jot down the name of the plant and the sowing date on the label as well as on the outside surface of the container. I do both because placing a label inside the container is insurance as the winter weather may wash the marker off the container leaving you with a bunch of mystery plants.
- Duct tape and scissors – A pair of scissors, or a utility knife, is used to cut the jugs open to allow for planting while the duct tape re-secures the tops to the bottoms after seeding to create the mini greenhouses.
- A pointed screwdriver or old steak knife – This item is used to poke drainage holes in the bottom of the containers and ventilation holes on the tops or sides of the containers.
Winter sowing in milk jugs
Let’s learn how to turn water or milk jugs into mini greenhouses for winter sowing seeds.
- Step 1 – Begin by poking drainage holes in the bottom of the container using a pointed screwdriver or an old steak knife. To do this, turn the jug over, bottom side up, and carefully add 5 to 6 holes to the bottom of the container. Next, turn the jug right side up and add 3 to 4 ventilation holes to the ‘shoulders’ of the jug. Again, use caution when making the drainage and ventilation holes. I wear safety glasses.
- Step 2 – Next, using scissors, make a cut about 4 inches up from the bottom of the container and cut horizontally almost the whole way around the jug, leaving a ‘hinge’ at the back. The hinge allows you to open and shut the jug. Cut in a direction away from yourself.
- Step 3 – Add 3 to 4 inches of moist potting mix to the bottom of the container. Plant the seeds at the depth recommended on the seed packet. I aim to space the seeds about an inch apart. Germination rates vary among plant species so sowing more seeds than you need can help ensure you get the amount of plants you want. I jot down type of seed, name of variety, and sowing date.
- Step 4 – Close the jug and use duct tape to seal the top and bottom halves together. Once the jug is securely taped, label the outside surface with the waterproof marker.
- Step 5 – You can leave the cap on the jug or remove it. I often leave it on until the seeds germinate. At that point, removing the cap allows better air flow inside the jug.
Winter sowing in plastic containers
Planting seeds in plastic containers like salad containers or take out containers is quicker and easier than using milk jugs because you don’t need to cut them in half. That said, they aren’t as tall as milk jugs, so you’ll need to grow more compact plants or transplant seedlings before they reach the top of the container.
- Step 1 – Turn the plastic container upside down and carefully poke drainage holes in the bottom using a pointed screwdriver or an old steak knife. I also add a couple of ventilation holes to the sides of the plastic container – use caution when making the holes and wear safety glasses.
- Step 2 – It’s time to add the potting soil, so place 2 to 4 inches of pre-moistened potting mix in the container.
- Step 3 – Sow the seeds, planting them at the recommended depth and spacing and then add a label to the inside of the container.
- Step 4 – Snap the lid of the container closed and, using the waterproof marker, write the type of seed on the top or side of the container.
Where to place the containers of winter sown seeds
When you’re finished sowing seeds in the jugs or containers, place them in a sheltered but sunny spot. You can group them on a deck or patio, place them near a garden shed, or anywhere they’ll be protected from gusty winds and have access to sun. That said, if the only sunny site you have is exposed to winds, place the jugs in a milk crate or tray to ensure they stay upright.
As the weeks and months pass, the jugs and containers will likely be covered with snow, ice, and other winter weather. That’s ok, as snow is a great insulator and the cold weather is working its magic to stratify the seeds. You shouldn’t need to water the jugs or containers during the winter. If there is, however, a prolonged warm spell, remove the caps from the jugs or open the plastic containers to make sure the soil is still moist. If it seems dry to the touch, add some water and then close the containers up again.
Watch Niki winter sow seeds in this video:
Winter sow vegetables
Using winter sowing to start vegetable seeds allows you to work with Mother Nature to get a head start on the growing season. This technique is best paired with cold hardy types of vegetables like onions, broccoli, kale, and lettuce. Onions, and onion family crops like scallions, shallots, and leeks are great choices for those new to winter sowing as they’re reliable and very easy. Read more about winter sowing onions in this article.
I have experimented with winter sowing tender crops like tomatoes and ground cherries which often re-seed in my garden beds. However, a lot of fussing is required as spring approaches because the young seedlings are susceptible to cold damage. The jugs or containers may need to come inside at night if a freeze is forecast. For this reason I stick to the seeds of hardy plants.
Winter sowing seed list
Many vegetable, perennial, annual, and herb seeds can be winter sown. It’s a great way to start seeds on a budget and get plenty of seedlings for your vegetable or flower garden. Here are some of the best seeds for winter sowing.
Perennials to winter sow:
- Lupine
- Milkweed
- Coneflower
- Black-eyed Susan
- Salvia
- Yarrow
- Daisy
- Perennial geranium
- Turtlehead
- Catmint
- Baptisia
- Columbine
- Delphinium
- Foxglove
- Hyssop
Annuals to winter sow:
Vegetables to winter sow:
- Kale
- Broccoli
- Cauliflower
- Onions
- Scallions
- Brussels sprouts
- Cabbage
- Kohlrabi
- Beets
- Spinach
- Lettuce
- Swiss chard
- Bok Choy
Herbs to winter sow:
- Dill
- Parsley
- Oregano
- Lavender
- Cilantro
- Sage
- Chives
Learn more about starting seeds in these in-depth articles:
- Growing basil from seeds – a step by step guide
- The best herbs to start from seeds
- LED grow lights for seed starting and indoor plants
- Why growing onions from seeds is best (and how to do it)
- Soil blocking: A step-by-step guide
Are you going to try winter sowing seeds for your garden?
Sam says
Tried this last year works great
PatrickJ says
So how do I transplant a jug full of seedlings into the garden bed?
Niki Jabbour says
Easy, you divide them up and plant them individually into garden beds or containers.
Johannian says
Hey Nikki, thanks for the great article. I used milk jugs last year to start my seeds, but I’ve never done it in winter. I’m eager to try it out! I see that scallions and onions are on your list of Vegetables to winter sow. Will leeks also work?
Thanks!
Karen says
Oh, thank you! I meant to do that this year and forgot…a timely reminder! 🙂 I got a bunch of onion seeds from some that flowered last year and I wanted to try the winter sowing method. I appreciated the article you linked to as well. This is a great website!
Patti Dexter-Peck says
In winter sowing of onion seeds, is there any benefit to keeping them in a small unheated greenhouse or cold frame instead of outdoors?
Niki Jabbour says
Sure! It would hasten the seedlings along. I often tuck my jugs of winter sown seeds in my unheated polytunnel by late winter.
PeeBee says
Hi, What if it has been a warmer February in Ontario (Toronto)? It’s +5C today daytime, and 0 or -1 at night. Can I still start sowing outdoors now?
Niki Jabbour says
Yes, it’s been a warmer winter on the east coast too… but you still have time to winter sow. I’d suggest planting sooner than later though 🙂 Good luck! Niki
Rahel Moore says
Is there specific ones you would start earlier/later?
Diane L says
Thank you for this timely article! Getting my butt in gear and doing this today, even though it’s been a little warm here. Always enjoy your tips and wisdom. 😊
Brenda Adamek says
I am wondering if this works no matter the temps? I am in zone 2/3 in Minnesota 30 miles from ND and Canada.
(sorry if it was already stated, I did tried to carefully skim. LOL)
Niki Jabbour says
Ha ha, no worries Brenda! Yes, you certainly can winter sow seeds in Minnesota. 🙂 It’s a bit tricker in zone 1, but super cold climate gardeners would ideally wait a bit longer to sow veggies in winter. Instead of planting up in December, for example, they would so in February or March. In Minnesota, you’re good to go and can winter sow seeds whenever you have a chance. Good luck! Niki
Christine says
I’m so excited to sow seeds in Winter outside instead of inside with grow lights. This is great information! I’m in Atlanta, Georgia zone 7b, should I start my seeds sooner than December or does it not matter?
Thank you!
Bill Dixon says
I’ve been winter sowing for several years. Works great! I found burying the jugs into 3-4 inches of garden soil hastens germination and puts them at soil temperature for transplanting. Also, they don’t blow away in the wind.
Niki Jabbour says
Fantastic tip! Thanks Bill!
keri says
I live in zone 4 Minnesota. Im thinking of trying pansies, petunias Anyone having experience with either. I would like to try varieties of tomatoes, but Im reading this is harder. Any suggestions. I have fall seeded my widflowers this year andd previous years have been successful.It is now the first week of January Will I be to late if I wait til the middle of the month, Thanks
Niki Jabbour says
Hi Keri, Great question! I often winter sow pansies but haven’t tried petunias. I’ve heard they can be winter sowed, so it’s worth a shot. I just wouldn’t plant my entire seed packet that way in case it’s not successful. Tomatoes are also not a great fit for winter sowing as they do not need stratification to germinate. They require warm temps. If you do wish to try winter sowing tomatoes, I would wait to sow the seeds in jugs/containers until March. And you still have plenty of time! I’ve still got more winter sowing to do and have even winter sowed in early Feb with great success (in zone 5). Good luck! Niki
Alison P says
You’ve inspired me to try winter sowing for the first time. Thanks!!
Niki Jabbour says
Awesome Alison! I just planted another half dozen containers this week. 🙂 Niki
Brenda says
My winter sewn parsley (planted around Jan.3) seems to have just germinated.
Now what? Do i cover it if nights are below freezing? Leave as is, just making sure it gets enough moisture?
I’m in greater Toronto area, I think Zone 5B.
Thanks for any tips!
Niki Jabbour says
Hi Brenda, wow… that is early! Perhaps the containers were in a very sheltered spot and the seeds figured the time was right. Either way, I would love the containers where they are. Parsley is cold tolerant and slowing growing so the seedlings should be fine. Just check moisture levels from time to time to ensure the growing mix is still damp. As the seedlings develop I would also start to fertilize – when they’re about an inch tall with a diluted liquid fertilizer. (Dilute to a quarter strength). Hope that helps!! Good luck! Niki
brenda says
Thank you Niki.
That is very helpful!
Cheryl says
Hi Niki I am on the south shore of Nova Scotia and I just winter sowed my onion seeds today on this snowy Valentine winter day (onion variety – “Candy” – I think it is a day neutral onion) and also my cabbage seeds (Early golden acre – an early cabbage). How long does it take for onion and cabbage seeds to stratify.
Also I’d like to winter sow Snapdragons. How long for these to stratify. I may be too late but I’d like to give a go anyway but would like to get an idea how long the stratification period is for these as well. Thanks Niki.
Niki Jabbour says
Hey Cheryl – that’s awesome! The onions and cabbage seeds will need about 6 weeks of wintery weather before the seeds break dormancy. They’ll start to sprout when the conditions are right. All my winter sown jugs are currently under 3 feet of snow, ha ha. And as for snapdragons, go for it. I’d sow them sooner than later. They’ll also want at least 4 to 6 weeks of winter weather to prompt germination. Good luck! – Niki